토익 영문법 정리 : 부사

부사(Adverb)

 

1. 부사의 형태

①부사: 형용사 + ly.

* 형용사 + ly: slow → slowly.

careful → carefully.

* -y + ly = ily - happy → happily.

* le + ly = ly - possible → possibly.

◇예외: sole → solely.

whole → wholly.

* -ue + ly = uly , true → truly, due → duly.

* -ll + ly = -lly, full → fully.

* -ic + ly = ically , dramatic → dramatically.

◇예외: public → publicly.

 

②형용사와 같은 형태의 부사.

early, long, hard, enough, hear, well, ill, far 등...

* I get up early in the morning. (부사)

* The early bird catches the worm. (형용사)

 

2. 부사의 중복형

* Mr. Everest is very high. (형용사; 높은)

* He held his hand high. (부사; 높이)

* It is a highly a musing film. ( 부사; 매우, 대단히)

◇dear, cheap, hard, hear, late 등이 특히 중복되어 사용됨.

 

3. 부사의 기능

: 원칙적으로 동사, 형용사, 다른 부사 (구, 절) 등을 수식하며, 명사, 대명사, 문장 전체를 수식한다.

* He speaks English well.

* Evidently he has made a mistake.

= It is evident that he has made a mistake.

 

4. 부사의 위치

①양태부사 : (방법부사) 어떻게 (how)에 대한 답

; gladly, well, heartily, carefully

자동사 + 양태부사

타동사 + 목 + 양태부사 (또는 타동사 앞에서도 쓰임)

타동사 + 양태부사 + 긴 목적어

* He came immediately (자동사 + 양태부사)

* They speak well of him (능동태)

= He is well spoken of. (수동태)

* I well remember those happy days. (정상어순)

= Well do I remember those happy days. (도치구문)

 

②빈도부사 : (정도부사) how often에 대한 답으로 always, generally,

regularly, often, never, sometimes, seldom. 정도부사에는 nearly,

almost, still, barely 등이 있다.

△위치: 일반동사 앞, be동사 다음, 조동사와 본동사 사이에 온다.

△목적어가 명사일 때

put on your coat (O) : 타 + 부 + 목

put your coat on (O) : 타 + 목 + 부

△ 목적어가 대명사일 때

put on it (X)

put it on (O) : 타 + 목 + 부

△ 자동사 + 전치사는 하나의 타동사구로 쓰이므로 분리시킬 수 없음.

Look at the boy.

Look at him. (○)

Look him at. (×)

 

5. 부사어구의 배열 순서

① 시간 부사어구 : 작은 단위 + 큰 단위

장소 부사어구 : 작은 단위 + 큰 단위

* I'll call on you at seven o'clock next Sunday.

* We spent the holidays in a cottage is the morning.

 

② 장소 + 방법 + 시간부사

방법 + 장소 + 시간부사

짧은 부사구 + 긴 부사구

* He came to Korea by ship last year.

* She played beautiful at the concert last night.

* We arrived safely at the station.

 

6. 중요한 부사 용법

still + 본동사 / 명사 + enough (O)

be동사 + still, /enough + 명 (O)

조동사 + still + 본동사 / 형.부 + enough (O)

still + 부정조동사 / enough + 형.부 (X)

* He is still standing. : 그는 아직도 서 있다.

He is standing still. : 그는 가만히 서 있다. (형)

* She still dislikes him.

He still doesn't like her.

* I need enough eggs. = I need eggs enough.

* Only I can see him in the room.

I can only see him in the room.

I can see only him in the room.

I can see him only in the room.

◇ ago는 현재를 기준으로 지금부터 ～전의 뜻이고 과거시제와 함께 쓰인다.

before는 과거기준으로 그 때보다 그 이전. 과거완료와 함께 쓰임.

before는 막연한 과거를 나타내어 현재완료와 쓸 수 있으나 ago는 현재완료와 쓸 수 없음.

* He passed away three ago.

* He said that she had died three years before.

* I have seen this picture before.

* I have seen her a few days ago. (X)

 

7. very, much의 용법

* He breaks his words very often.

* I don't like beef much.

◇ 과거분사가 명사를 직접 수식하는 한정용법으로 쓰일 때와 동사로서의 성격을 잃고 형용사적인 용법으로 쓰이고 있는 tired, pleased, delighted,

surprised, satisfied등인 경우에는 much대신 very를 사용.

* A very celebrated scholar presided at the meeting.

* She had a very annoyed look on her face.

* He was very tired with a long walk.

◇ 서술형용사인 afraid, alike, fond 등은 much로 수식.

the + very + 최상급

much + the + 최상급

* He is much ashamed of his behaviour.

* He is the very best runner in our class.

* He is much the best runner in our class.

 

8. 의문부사

* 직접의문문: 의문부사 + 동사 + 주어?

* 간접의문문: 의문부사 + 주어 + 동사? (부사절)

* Where does he live?

* I don't know + When should I do it?

→ I don't know when I should do it. (간접의문; know의 목적어)

→ I don't know when to do it. (부정사구; 명사적용법)

◇ think, believe, imagine, suppose 등의 동사 다음에 직접의문문을 연결할 때에는 의문부사를 문두로 도치.

* Do you think + Where does he lives?

→ Do you think where he lives? (×)

→ Where do you think he lives? (○)

 

9. 관계부사

* where, when, how, why 등은 ‘부사 + 접속사’의 역할을 하며 ‘전치사 + which’로 바꿀 수가 있다.

* This is the place + He was born in it.

→ This is the place which he was born in. (형용사절)

→ This is the place in which he was born.

→ This is the place where he was born.

→ This is the place that he was born. (where의 대용)

→ This is where he was born.(주격보어; where의 명사절,선행사 the place 생략)

* 관계부사의 계속적 용법.

～, where ⇒ ～, and there .. (그리고 거기에서...)

～, when ⇒ ～, and then ... (그리고 그때...)

◇We went to Rome, where we stayed for a week.

Wait till seven, when he will be back.

You may go wherever you like. (wherever = to any place that)

Wherever you may go, I will follow you. (wherever = no matter where)